STORRE Collection: Electronic copies of Economics technical reports.
http://hdl.handle.net/1893/10022
Electronic copies of Economics technical reports.2024-03-18T11:07:57ZPatents as a measure for eco-innovation
http://hdl.handle.net/1893/10913
Title: Patents as a measure for eco-innovation
Author(s): Oltra, Vanessa; Kemp, Rene; de, Vries Frans
Abstract: First paragraph: What is a patent? A patent is an exclusive right to exploit (make, use, sell, or import) an invention over a limited period of time (20 years from filing) within the country wherethe application is made. Patents are granted for inventions which are novel, inventive(non-obvious) and have an industrial application (useful). There are other types ofexclusive rights over intangible assets, notably copyright, design protection andtrademarks, but patents provide a broader protection that extends beyond the specificexpression of an invention to the invention itself. Due to this control over the technology,the patent holder is in a position to set a higher-than-competitive price for thecorresponding good or service, which allows recovery of innovation costs. In return, theapplicant must disclose the invention in the text of the application, which is published 18months after application (From OECD report Patents and Innovation: Trends andchallenges, 2004, p.8).2008-01-01T00:00:00ZCharacterising Livestock System Zoonoses Hotspots
http://hdl.handle.net/1893/10265
Title: Characterising Livestock System Zoonoses Hotspots
Author(s): Kleczkowski, Adam; Breed, Andrew C; Matthews, Louise; Thronicker, Dominique; de Vries, Frans
Abstract: A systematic review of the published literature was undertaken, to explore the ability of different types of model to help identify the relative importance of different drivers leading to the development of zoonoses hotspots. We estimated that out of 373 papers we included in our review, 108 papers touched upon the objective of 'Assessment of interventions and intervention policies', 75 addressed the objective of 'Analysis of economic aspects of disease outbreaks and interventions', 67 the objective of 'Prediction of future outbreaks', but only 37 broadly addressed the objective of 'Sensitivity analysis to identify criteria leading to enhanced risk'. Most models of zoonotic diseases are currently capturing outbreaks over relatively short time and largely ignoring socio-economic drivers leading to pathogen emergence, spill-over and spread. In order to study long-term changes we need to understand how socio-economic and climatic changes affect structure of livestock production and how these in turn affect disease emergence and spread. Models capable of describing this processes do not appear to exist, although some progress has been made in linking social and economical aspects of livestock production and in linking economics to disease dynamics. Henceforth we conclude that a new modelling framework is required that expands and formalises the 'one world, one health' strategy, enabling its deployment in the re-thinking of prevention and control strategies. Although modelling can only provide means to identify risks associated with socio-economic changes, it can never be a substitute for data collection. Finally, we note that uncertainty analysis and uncertainty communication form a key element of modelling process and yet are rarely addressed.2012-01-01T00:00:00Z