Vaping During Pregnancy and Maternal, Fetal, and Infant Health Outcomes: A Scoping Review of Human and Animal Studies

Abstract

The prevalence of vaping, defined as the use of e-cigarettes, during pregnancy is increasing, but its effects on maternal, fetal, and infant health remain incompletely understood. Human studies are heterogeneous and largely observational with a primary focus on neonatal and infant outcomes and limited assessment of maternal physiology. In contrast, pre-clinical animal studies suggest potential biological effects across maternal vascular, respiratory, metabolic, and neurodevelopmental systems. A comprehensive mapping of the existing evidence is therefore needed to characterise the scope of research to date and identify key gaps in the literature.